Child Abuse Research Paper

Child Abuse Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Child Abuse Research Paper Child abuse does not discriminate against a child because of age, sex, race, religion, or socioeconomic background. Any child can fall victim to this sometimes a silent problem. I will discuss the major types of child abuse in the following paragraphs. Every child is vulnerable to abuse. Parents today face the possibility that someone they know or don’t know may hurt or take advantage of their child. Research indicates that as many as one out of every four children will be the victims of some kind of abuse. Very young children as well as older teenagers are victimized. Almost all of these children will be abused by someone they know and trust; for example a relative, family friend or a caretaker. Maltreatment of children is not a new phenomenon. Child abuse dates back to biblical times. During recent years the public eye has become more focused on child maltreatment. There are many factors to child maltreatment. There are four general categories of child maltreatment now recognized; physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abues, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each category covers a large range of behavior. Some causes of child abuse are the use of drugs, or alcohol abuse or an abuser was also abused when they were younger. Another problem is that when an abused child grows up they could join the next generations of child abusers. Child abuse can be prevented in a number of ways such as counseling for the adults as well as the children. Another way is for the school to educate the children about child abuse. Teachers should help children understand what to do if someone abuses them. Tactics like telling an adult they trust and coming forward when they see abuse could prevent continued abuse. In my opinion everyone should try to prevent child abuse any way they can. Child abuse should never start because it can ruin a childs life forever, and causes serious injures to the child, whether this be physical or emotional. All 50 states have passed some form of a mandatory child abuse and neglect reporting law in order to qualify for funding under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (Jan. 1996 version) 42 U.S.C. 5101, et seq.. The Act was originally passed in 1974, has been amended several times and was most recently amended and reauthorized on October 3, 1996, by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Act Amendments of 1996 (P.L. 104-235). Types of Abuse: Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse can also take the form of verbal abuse and mental abuse. This includes acts, or the failure to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause serious behavioral, emotional, or mental disorders in the child. As well as parents/caretakers using extreme or bizarre forms of punishment. There are several different types of emotional abuse, rejecting, ignoring, terrorizing, isolating, and corrupting. Emotional abuse accounts for eight percent of all child abuse. Neglect Neglect is a failure to provide for a childs basic needs. Neglect could be physical, educational, or emotional. Physical neglect could include not providing food or clothing, appropriate medical care, supervision, or proper weather protection. Educational neglect is the failure to provide schooling or special educational needs, for example, not helping them on homework or teaching them how to read. Emotional neglect includes the lack of any emotional support and love. Physical Abuse Physical abuse is the intentional infliction of physical injury upon a child. This may include: burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating, or otherwise harming a child. Physical abuse may be best defined as any non-accidental physical injury by a person who has care, custody, or control of a child. Accidental harm does not qualify as child abuse. There are many signs of physical abuse. Bruises found on the backs of the arms, legs, lower back, the butt, and genitals are suspicious bruises and should be questioned. Patterned bruising is also a sign of abuse. Normal bruises usually appear in various shapes and sizes, while some bruises that are patterned may indicate strong signs of abuse. These are bruises that have definite boundaries and sharp or curved edges. Burns can also be signs of abuse. Fractures are another sign of physical abuse. Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse is any inappropriate sexual behavior with a child, such as: fondling a childs genitals, making the child fondle the adults genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, and sexual exploitation. These acts can be committed by a baby sitter, parents, daycare provider, or someone related to the child. Child molesters can also be friends, neighbors, or even strangers. History One of the biggest ironies of a child’s life is that the family, what should be a child’s primary source for love, support, and security, can also be the most abusive group that a child belongs to. Society assumes that parents act in their child’s best interest. Therefore, parents have the right to care for and protect their own children. When parents cannot meet their child’s needs or protect the child from harm, society has the responsibility to protect the health and safety of the child. Laws that protect animals from unjust cruelty were in effect and enforced long before any cases against child abuse were argued. Just imagine being a nine-year-old girl who is beaten on a daily basis. This happened to a little girl who lived in New York in 1874, her name was Mary Ellen. She was burned and cut with scissors. She resided with her foster mother who would leave her in a closet while away from the house. Mary Connolly, her foster mother, had abused her for seven years. Mary Ellen lived in an apartment building with her foster mother. Mary Ellen’s landlady made many attempts to help Mary Ellen but none were successful. The person who finally came to here aid was Etta Wheeler a Methodist caseworker. The police said that they could do nothing without proof of assault. Although there were laws to protect any person from assault and battery, there was no precedent for intervening inside a childs home. The frustrated Wheeler turned to Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. She reasoned that children were members of the animal kingdom and could therefore be protected under the laws governing the mistreatment of animals. Bergh rejected this strategy, but became involved in the case. A petition was presented to the New York Supreme Court on behalf of Mary Ellen that proved she was being held illegally by the Connolly’s, who were neither her legal guardians nor her natural parents. Witnesses testified about the abuse suffered by Mary Ellen and the leather whip that was kept near her at all times. As the child stood and spoke in court, all could see the terrible scar across her face as she calmly related how her foster mother had s lashed her face with scissors. Burn scars from an iron were visible on her arms. Her foster mother was sentenced to prison for one year. Mary Ellens case had a large impact around the nation and resulted in the foundation of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) in 1874. The SPCC was the first organization to focus on the legal protection of childrens rights in the United States. In its first year, the SPCC investigated 300 cases of child abuse. It also introduced legislation to prevent and punish wrongs to children that occurred in the home. The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) Can the Federal government, State government, and sovereign nations effectively mesh their practices and policies to adequately meet the safety and placement needs of American Indian Children? The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) was made a federal law in 1978 after many years of political struggles between Native American Indian tribal leaders, state agencies, various church groups and court systems. â€Å"By passing the law Congress hoped to prevent the continuing abuses of power by state agencies, the courts, and various church groups in the disruption of Indian families by enacting procedures for the removal and foster placement of Indian children and defining the roles and responsibilities of authority† (Matheson, 1996, p.233). The Indian Child Welfare Act brought with it the hope that the law would protect Indian communities, tribes, and families against further disintegration of their traditional systems. Native American Indians have experienced massive losses of lives, land, and culture from Caucasian contact and colonization resulting in a long legacy of chronic trauma and unresolved grief across generations. Congress has vacillated between two conflicting themes: self-government for tribes and assimilation of the reservations into the existing framework of state and local government. Native American children were removed from their families and homes, placed in government boarding schools and Christian mission schools, and educated in the Caucasian ideals. When a Native American family resisted mandatory schooling at the boarding schools, â€Å"Congress responded by authorizing the withholding of food and clothing rations from them.† (George, 1997) During the 1950’s when the boarding schools began to close, people became concerned about the number of children that would be returned to the reservations and a life of poverty if other arrangements could not be found. Native American children were then placed in non-Indian homes for long term care and adoption. This new adoption trend resulted in 25%-35% of Native children being separated from their families by state courts, welfare agencies, and private adoption agencies. (George, 1997) The Indian Child Welfare Act states that child abuse and neglect cases that involve foster care and adoption of Indian children must give tribes the opportunity to take jurisdiction in order to move court proceedings to a tribal court as opposed to the individual state courts when these children are placed out of the home. The act is a Federal Statute governing the placement of Indian children who are in any out of home placement, voluntary or involuntary by the state, county, city or federal government. The act applies to all public and private agencies that remove children. There are several types of child welfare custody proceedings that apply to the Indian Child Welfare Act. One is foster placement, the temporary removal of the child from his or her biological parents. When biological parents are unable to fulfill their role, children may need substitute care, shelter care, group homes, and institutional care placements. Each of these alternatives is more appropriate for some children than others. Other custody proceedings include Termination of Parental Rights, and adoption placements. Both of these custody proceedings result in a permanent plan for the child. Permanent planning is the one aspect of child welfare systems where cultural differences are the most heartfelt. In state and public child welfare systems, permanent planning is based on set timelines. Usually if a parent does not show that he or she can resume care for a child after a period of one year, the case is considered for a permanent alternative. Termination of parental rights is a ke y factor in freeing a child for adoption in the child welfare system, however, it has the potential of severing the child’s connection to their extended family or tribe. Even with the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act there are still issues related to state child welfare agencies and Native American Indian tribes, especially with respect to adoption. The conflict comes up when a Native American Indian child is placed for adoption. â€Å"Tribal officials fear that the flow of Indian foster children to non-Indian homes threatens their survival as a people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lacayo, 1988, p.64). A misconception from non-Indian people is, â€Å"†¦of children growing up on the reservation that is, the images of poverty blot out the virtues of cultural identity.† (Lacayo, 1988, p.64). Unfortunately, these opinions are hard to change and have often brought about bitter courtroom battles. The Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) was passed by Congress in 1997 because children languished in foster care for extended periods of time while waiting for permanent placement. Children remained in care without stability or family for extensive periods of time because of a number of factors. Primary causes for delays in placing children were the need for parents to complete substance abuse rehabilitation, systemic barriers including overburdened child welfare workers, the and resulting delays and postponements of court hearings. The Adoption and Safe Families Act establishes unequivocally that our national goals for children in the child welfare system are safety, permanency, and well-being. The Adoption and Safe Families Act should not be reviewed as affecting the application of the Indian Child Welfare Act in the case of Indian children involved in state child custody proceedings. The Adoption and Safe Families Act deals with all children who become involved with the foster care or adoption system, whereas the Indian Child Welfare Act is a specific enactment dealing with one subsection of children – Indian children involved in child custody proceedings. There are many aspects to ASFA, but the most significant pieces are: The health and safety of children must be the paramount concern in all decisions regarding provision of services, placement and permanency planning decisions; states are required and encouraged to establish or utilize various mechanisms to achieve this goal, including criminal background checks of prospective foster and adoptive parents. Reasonable efforts to reunify a family are not required where a parent has a pattern of or the parental rights of a parent to a sibling of the child in question have been previously terminated involuntarily. Other mandates that the Adoption and Safe Families Act has are the requirements for a permanency hearing within twelve months after the initial foster care placement, and a petition for termination of parental rights once a child has been in foster care for a period of fifteen out of twenty-two months. Indian children received little specific attention regarding the policies under ASFA that were being discussed in spite of their unique circumstances. About one half of the Indian children served by child welfare programs in the United States are served by tribal programs and not by the states which ASFA targets. Indian children have a unique political status not afforded other children as members of sovereign tribal governments. This political status, as well as the history of biased treatment of Indian children and families under public and private child welfare systems is the basis for the Indian Child Welfare Act. Adoption and Safe Families Act and Indian Child Welfare Act integrations issues are most likely to arise during implementation of ASFA by states. In the case of an Indian child, the state should refrain from moving to terminate parental rights at the fifteen month mark of foster care; considerations need to be made if this is in the best interest of the child. Problems with ICWA Problems with state child welfare agencies and Indian child welfare programs include the lack of experience state agencies have in working with tribes; staff turnover; lack of funding; concern about tribal accountability for providing services and caring for the children; and the absence of tribal courts with authority to assume jurisdiction over proceedings involving tribe members. State child welfare agencies and courts are not thoroughly educated on Indian law or history, and do not take into consideration the practices of the Native American Culture when determining child placements. The ICWA does not specifically state that professionals working with tribes must have any tribal education; There has been progress in implementing the Indian Child Welfare Act, although implementation has been uneven across geographic areas and governmental levels. A lack of stable and adequate funding for tribal child welfare programs has proven to be one of the most serious barriers to the tribe’s ability to protect their children, thus creating the need for assistance from state and public child welfare agencies. With the accomplishment of ICWA’s intent, many tribal governments have revised their existing tribal codes or developed new codes to directly address the issues of dealing with child abuse. Many tribes also work with the National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) who assist and represent tribal governments, urban Indian social service programs, and staff from various state child welfare agencies that work with Indian children and their families. The Indian Child Welfare Act has not reduced the flow of Indian children into substitute care. Even though the number of Indian children in public care has decreased, the caseloads of tribal programs are rising sharply as these programs expand and cases are transferred from public agencies. NICWA helps various tribes with services such as family preservation programs for Native American families. These programs assist families with solving the child abuse or neglect issues and aid in a speedy reunification if the child is placed out of home. The legislative intent of ICWA is being accomplished- tribal governments are assuming responsibility for more and more of their children as the state and the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) transfer jurisdiction and recede from the picture (Mannes, 1993, p.143). It is important for the tribal courts to keep the Indian child with a relative, the child’s tribe and/or another Indian family for foster care or adoption. The reason for this is that the tribe feels placement of a Native American, whether it is for foster care or adoption, should stay with the tribe or other tribal avenues to keep this child in the realm of their culture. These extended kin networks support identity formation, a sense of belonging, recognition of a shared history, and survival of the group. Keeping Native American children with extended family members can become costly. Food, shelter, income, and a sense of having access and availability to services is in short supply. Income to care for these children and families comes from the limited funds tribes have available and only small amounts of money are accessible through the federal government. If the tribal courts have jurisdiction of the case, oftentimes the state system is no longer involved, therefore the state does not contribute monetary assistance. By following the Indian Child Welfare Act and placing Indian children with relatives also in a poverty situation in lieu of other placement options, how can one say the best interest of the child is being considered? Hopefully, the future will bring a more harmonious union between Native American Indian tribes and state child welfare agencies. Conclusion After analyzing child abuse, it is obvious that this issue will continue to be the center of much debate, controversy, and consideration until the problem is taken care of. Realistically speaking the problem is not likely to ever disappear. The lack of control that government, and society for that matter, has on the rearing of children will not allow the problem to go away. Until we are able to find a way, within the limits of the law, to insure the safety of all children, child abuse will forever be a problem in our society. We as social workers advocate for critical legislation that impacts children and families, work to obtain and maintain funding for prevention programs, and collaborate with organizations, community leaders and public policy makers. I would like to help ensure that local, state, and federal policy-makers adopt, implement, and maintain important policies and programs that support children and families. In order for this to happen we need to educate the public on advocacy. They need to make their voice heard throughout the nation. Voting is a great way to advocate. You can control who our future policy makers are by taking an active role in voting. By voting, you are exercising your most basic right as a citizen. Always vote; one person can make all the difference. I always vote. Get to know the people who are out there representing you. This could be anyone from your local city council to your federal Congressperson. They are here to serve you. Your elected officials depend on their constituents to let them know the concerns of people around your community. There are a few ways you can contact your policy-makers and communicate your support. I would like to go and meet some of city council and let them know my concerns. I would also use letter writing to get my point across. Calling elected officials is another way I would get my voice heard. Remember to call and thank them when a bill gets passed through that I have supported. REFERENCES Finkelman J. D. (1995) Child abuse a multidisciplinary survey short- and long-term effects. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Kalichman, S. C. (1993). Mandated reporting of suspected child abuse. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Sagatun I. J. Edwards L. P. (1995). Child abuse and the legal system. Chicago, IL: Nelson- Hall Publishers U.S. department of Health and Human Services. (1988). STUDY FINDINGS Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of child abuse and Neglect: Childrens Defense Fund. (1999). The state of americas children. Boston: MA: Beacon Press. DeBenedictis, D.J. (1990). Custody controversey:tribe can’t intervene in indian’s mothers adoption decision. ABA Journal, 76(5), 22-23. Retrieved March 19, 2006, from George, L.J. (1997). why the need for the indian child welfare act? Journal of Multicultural Social Work. 5(4), 165-175. Mannes, M. (1993). seeking the balance between child protection and family preservation in indian child welfare. Child Welfare, 72(2), 141-152. Retrieved November 11, 2006, from Matheson, L. (1996). the politics of the indian child welfare act. Social Work, 41(2), 232-235. Retrieved November 11, 2006, sfsu.edu/~multsowk/title/520.htm NICWA: History and Who We Are, Retrieved date 2006. nicwa.org Research Papers on Child Abuse Research PaperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is Art

Parallelism in Writing for English Learners

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Character of Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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E-Bussiness Essay Intermediary analysis, competitor analysis, demand analysis, opportunities +threats, SLEPT factors, resource analysis Demand analysis Examines current and projected customer use of each digital channel and different services within diff. target markets it can be determined by asking for each market: What % of cust. Bus. Have acces to the int. – what % of members of the buying unit in this bus. Have acces to the int. – what % of cust. Are prepared to purch. Ur product online. Customer demand analysis 2 parts: org. arket (internet access , visit site , purchase influenced , buy online) Customer market( Same ) segmentation Is the identification of diff. groups within a target market in order to develop diff. product offerings and comm. 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Tool : as an intermediary btwn company and customer we can have a web an email a phone a mail or a person , the int. can be used as a direct response tool , the website can have a direct response or a call back facility , the int. an be used to support the buyi ng decision and to support customer service. -Industry restructuring: disintermediation, reintermediation and countermediation are key concepts of industry restructuring that should be considered by any company developing an e marketing strat. -Independence of location: to be globalized , the int. makes it possible to sell a country without a local sale or customer service force. 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Main elements of promotional mix Advertising(implemented by ads payperclick) Selling(virtual sales staff, chat) Sales promotion(rewards , coupons) Public relations(blogs , feeds, newsletter) Sponsorship Direct mail Exhibitions Merchandising Packaging (virtual tools , word of mouth) People process and physical evidence Some tactics by which people can be replaced or there work automated: 1. auto responders 2. mail notification 3. call back facility 4. frequently asked quests 5. on site search engines 6. virtual assistants Questions that need to be solved when specifying actions 1. what level of investment in the internet channel is sufficient to deliver these services 2. what training of staff is required. 3. what new responsibilities are required for effective internet marketing 4. are changes in org. structure requir ed to deliver int. based services? 5. what activities are involved in creating and maintaining the website. Barriers and risks of e-proc -competition issues. 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Drivers of procurement Control: improving compliance , achieving centralization, raising standards and improved auditing of data. Cost: improved buying leverage thru increased supplier competition. Process: rationalization and standardization of e-proc processes giving reduced cycle time Individual performance: knowledge sharing,value-added productivity and productivity improvements Supplier mgt: reduced supplier numbers , supplier mgt and selection integration. Benefits of e-supply chain 1. Increased efficiency of individual processes: if b2b co. Adopts e-procurement it will benefit from reduced cycle time and cost 2. Reduced complexity of the supply chain: B2B co. Will offer the facility to sell direct from its e-commerce site so it will reduce cost of channel dist. 3. Improved data integration: reduce cost of paper preocessing 4. Reduce cost thru outsourcing: lower costs thru price competition and reduced spend on manu capacity and holding. 5. Innovation: more flexible in delivering a more diverse range of products and reduce time market to achieve better customer responsiveness Push and Pull Push: a supply chain that emphasizes distribution of a product to passive customers. (Supplier manu. Distributor retailer customer) Aim is to optimize the production process for cost and efficiency Pull: an emphasis on using the supply chain to deliver value to customers who are actively invovled in product and service specification. Aim is to enhance product and service quality. Types of e-procurement E-sourcing: finding potential new suppliers using the int during the ingo gathering step of procurement process E-tendering: process of screenin suppliers and sending suppliers requests for info E-informing: qualification of suppliers for suitability E-reverse auctions: enable the purchasing company to buy goods and services that have lowest prices E-MRO and ERP: involve the purchase and supply of products which are the core of the mode e-proc apps. Vertical integration Extent to which supply chain act. Are undertaken and controlled within the org. Characteristics: majority of manu in-house and distant relationships with suppliers Virtual integration: majority of supply chain activities are undertaken and controlled outside the org. By third parties Charac: total reliance on third parties and close relationships with suppliers Vertical disintegration: move to outsourcing and network of suppliers, helps in cost reduction The value chain Model that considers how supply chain activities can add value to products and services delivered to the customer Virtual value chain involves electronic commerce used to mediate traditional value chain activities such as market research, procurement, logstics.. alternatives: traditional value chain model that distiguishes between primary actvts that contribute directly to getting goods and services to the customer and support activities to take place. And revised chain model Exp: if a retailer shares info electronically with a supplier about a product, this can enhance the value chain of both parties since the time for ordering can be reduced and lower costs. Types of intermediaries for e-proc -traditional manufac which produce physical goods that are sold to other customers -direct sales manu: they bypass intermed and sell direct to end consumers via web -value-added proc partners: act as intermed to sell product and services to other businesses(travel agents) -online hubs: industry specific vertical portal that generate revenues via B2B exchange -knowledge experts whos produce info goods -online info services provide unique info to end users -online retailers include startup e-businesses -portal communities seek to aggregate diff online info services into an integrated customer experience ex: online bill payment Systems Stock control system: relates mainly to production-related procurement CD or web-based catalogue: paper catalogues have been replaced by electronic forms that make it quicker to find suppliers E-mail or database-based workflow systems: integrate the entry of the order by the originator. Order-entry on website: the buyer often has the opportunity to order directly on the suppliers website Accounting systems: networked accounting sustems enable staff in the buying department to enter an order which can then be used by accounting staff to make payment when the invoice arrives Integrated e-procurement or ERP: these aim to integrate all the facilities above and will aolso include integration with supploers systems What is logistics? Logistics is the time related positioning of resource, or the strategic management of the total supply chain. It is used to refer not to all supply chain activities but specifically to the management of logistics or inbound(mgt of material resources entering an org from its suppliers) and outbound log. (Mgt of resources supplied from an org to its customers and intermediaries) Virtual organization Org which uses info and communications tech to allow it to operate withouy clearly defined physical boundaries btwn diff functions. CHARACTERISTICS: -lack of physical structure: virtual org have littlr or no physical existence. -reliance on knowledge: the lack of physical facilities and contacts means that knowledge is the key driving force. -Use of comm. Tech: they rely on IT -Mobile work: reliance on comm tech means that they do not rely only on plant or office to work. -Boundaryless and inclusive: they have fuzzy boundaries. Flexible: can be pulled together quickly Value network Or external value chain which is the links betwn an org and its strategic and non strategic partners that form its ext ernal value chain. Partners of a VN: supply-side partners: suppliers ,b2b exchanges, wholesalers Partners that fulfil primary or core value chain activites Sell-side partners: b2b exchanges,wholesalers,distributors,and customers Value chain partners who supply services that mediate the internal and external value chain Types of procurement Production related proc: relate to manufacturing of products. Operating procurement: thats supports the operations of the whole business and includes office supplies ,furniture,info systems..

Foreshadowing in A Good Man Is Hard To Find by Flannery O’Connor :: A Good Man Is Hard To Find Flannery O’Connor

In "A Good Man is Hard to Find," by Flannery O’Connor, one is struck by the unexpected violence at the end of the story. However, if one re-reads the story as second time, one will see definite signs of foreshadowing of the ending. In the course of this story, O’Connor uses strong imagery to foreshadow the people and the events in this story. There are three significant times she uses this technique. They are the description of the grandmother’s dress, the death of the family, and the conversation between the Misfit and the grandmother. The grandmother did not want to go to Florida; she ironically dresses in her Sunday best. She was dressed very nicely with, "A navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet." (11). A strong foreshadowing imagery can be seen in these lines. Knowing the ending of the story, the grandmother’s elaborate dress symbolizes a preparation for her coffin. When a person dies, they are usually dressed in their best outfit, just like the grandmother was dressed in what seemed to be in her Sunday best. A stronger foreshadowing is when O’Connor states the reason for the grandmother’s beautiful dress, "In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady." (11). She herself predicts her own death. Unfortunately, she does not know this yet. Not only does O’Connor foreshadow the grandmother’s death, she foreshadows the deaths of the rest of the family. The foreshadowing of the family’s death is very evident when they "passed by a cotton field with five or six graves fenced in the middle of it, like a small island." (12). It is not an accident that the numbers of graves "five or six" matches the exact number of people in the car. There are 5 people and a baby. Since a baby in not exactly a full person, it is appropriate to say "five or six." This foreshadowing image leads into the next one: "Look at the grave!" the grandmother said, pointing it out. "That was the old family burying ground. That belonged to the plantation." "Where’s the plantation? John Wesley asked. "Gone With the Wind," said grandmother." "Ha. Ha." (12).

Organizational Behavior Trends Essay

Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. Organizational Culture is the basic pattern of common assumptions, values, and beliefs leading the way employees within an organization think about and act on problems and opportunities. Organizational Trends are patterns of change over time in some variable of interest. In this paper we will evaluate two trends in organizational behavior. The influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technology on work-related stress will be examined. Organizational Behavior Trends There are several trends in Organizational Behavior. One trend is globalization, which requires corporate decision makers to be more sensitive to cultural differences as they venture towards a wider variety of employees and clients. Another trend in organizations is the increasingly diverse workforce. Diversity potentially improves decision-making, team performance, and customer service, but it also presents new challenges for the company. The values and ethics of the employees, enable organizations to apply certain principles in a global environment, and are under pressure to abide by the ethical values and higher standards of corporate social responsibility. Ethics on Decision-making Ethics on decision-making is difficult, it is critical for leaders to develop a code of ethics and establish disciplinary actions and procedures for ethical violators. Most importantly, leaders should also develop a process in which employees are rewarded and publicly recognized for having positive ethical behaviors. It is also important to have employee involvement when trying to identify ethical issues. â€Å"When it comes to the ethics of decision making, the criteria individuals use to define problems and the values that underlie these criteria must be considered. Moral conduct is involved in choosing problems, deciding who should be involved, estimating the impacts of alternatives, and selecting an alternative for implementation. Moral conduct does not arise from after-the-fact embarrassment†. (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Overall, ethical decision making, is learning about ethical dilemmas in business and examining the process for identifying common influences in the decision-making process. Once the trends are found, leaders and subordinates must demonstrate and understand how to make an ethical decision in which all possible solutions are attempted equally and without any judgment. Impact of Technology on Work-Related Stress â€Å"Work-related stress can be defined as a pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious aspects of work content, work organization and work environment. It is a state characterized by high levels of arousal and distress and often by feelings of not coping. † (www. eiro. eurofound) Work-related stress is a serious issue at many companies. People should be aware of their stress levels and communicate stressful situations to their employer before stress develops into a problem. For this to happen, employers need to ensure that the organizational culture is one in which employees can openly and comfortably talk about work-related stress without any repercussion. There are many components that make up stress. With the world of technology racing news and information around the world as quick as we can blink, many more organizations are becoming sophisticated in applying information technologies. Nobel Laureate and decision scientist Herbert Simon is convinced that computers will someday be more intelligent than humans†. Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005) How does that make you feel knowing that one-day a computer could replace your job? There are always two sides to any debate; the one on stress is no exception. Is being stressed a sign of weakness within your job indicating that you can no longer handle it or is being stressed a sign of an effective working behavior of getting the job done? There are many employers that want to support their staff to the highest level that can be offered but resources and effective training is sometimes limited. As a result, many employees are â€Å"stressed†. The use of technology is needed in all businesses and with this advanced technology some organizations rely heavily it. I know that with the computer system we have at our organization it makes it much easier and less stressful for us. Maybe someone who is not proficient with computers would become stressful to the new system, but for the most part I think technology has a positive impact on work-related stress. Conclusion In conclusion, the influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technologies on work-related stress are only two components of many in organizational behavior. With so many changes to how one must work and the many difficult decisions that have to be made according to your organizations ethics only. I personally think that as companies evolve, the employees must chose to either evolve with it or take another course of action to make life stress-free.

Critical Issues Paper Essay

This paper will discuss the technology used in policing and how technology enhances or detracts from police organizations’ ability to function. Then, I would like to discuss the examples of less-than-lethal weapons and how less-than-lethal weapons affect policing in today’s society In addition, example of dangers faced by police and how police organizations address these dangers. In the 1900s when policing was created they had to face many issues to make sure that they handle lowering crime rates. Those were desperate times for policemen in a hostile country with unpaved streets and uneven sidewalks, sometimes miles from the police station, with little prospects of assistance in case of need. It took nerve to be a policeman in those days. The first use of technology in policing was cars, radios, computers, and firearms. If it were not for the creation of technology in 1900s police departments would have a very hard time to stop all the crimes that were being created. So in 1960 the Crime Commission was established. Today in the 21st Century there are many new kinds of technology used in policing and one is being created for the â€Å"future cops† which decreases the dangerous high-speed chases with criminals is the StarChase System. The StarChase system is a laser guided GPS tracking system that is launched from the front grill of the squad car and guided by a laser-light. The police departments would find ways on how to prevent and solve crimes with the use of technology. Only in recent years have many agencies found the use of information technologies significantly helpful. Some examples of these technology uses include fingerprinting databases, computerized crime mapping, and records management systems doing everything from inventorying property and cataloging evidence to calculating solvability factors. Police Agencies in modern society are a part of the American fabric to serve and protect the American public. The United States currently have more than 15,000 police agencies, (Walker & Katz, 2002). Police Departments across the United States face similar critical issues policing. All police officers face dangers in the job of policing the dangers can emanate from internal and external origins. Police officers have continued to evolve to serve communities by finding better less than lethal alternatives to weapons used. In addition, police departments have continued to keep up with modern technology to assist them with information storage and acquisition while in the field. Department of Homeland Security was also developed to assist Federal, State and Local law enforcement agencies with information sharing to prevent linkage blindness which was prevalent before the 9/11 attacks on the United States. There has been a major push in several areas of policing to make policing more efficient with regards to information access and safer for the officers, suspects, and communities. Police officers place themselves in danger every day. Danger is an inherent condition and circumstance of the job of serving and protecting the public. Police officers are injured and some have been killed in the line of duty enforcing the law and defending the justice system. The job of a police officer is to protect the life and safety of others, which means placing themselves at risk while performing their duties. Police training can lead to success of police officer preventing or limiting dangerous situations by anticipating and de-escalating the situations before they become elevated. There are additional dangers such as effects of stress. Law enforcement agencies use many different technology instruments to prevent and investigate criminal activity. These instruments assist officers to do their duties faster and more efficient than in the past. Information technology instruments, advanced weapons technology instruments, and crime analysis technology instruments are used to assist law enforcement officers to provide serve to their communities. Information technology includes database and information instruments, computer- aided dispatch instruments, record management system instruments, and mobile computing instruments. Computerized relational databases instruments gather and store information on suspects and convicted criminals and are used for management purposes, such as tracking the number and types of arrest that officers make and the number of complaints against an officer. An example of computerized relational databases are use by law enforcement are when the officer makes a traffic stop and runs the drivers information, such as name , date of birth , and driver license number , to determine if the driver has any warrants of arrest. Another example of computerized relational databases is the registration of sex offenders, sex offenders in most states have to give law enforcement agencies any change of address. Computer-aided dispatch instruments offer faster and more effective methods of communicating with law enforcement officers than in the past . Computer-aided 911 and the 311 dispatch systems helps dispatchers and law enforcement officers to prioritize calls for service. It also enhances law enforcement officer’s safety by monitoring the officer’s status, it alerts dispatchers to officers who have not updated their field status. Records management system instruments are used to input and organize information from different types of reports in one easy to access format.

Free Essays on The Exclusionary Rule

Everyone knows about the concept that they have the right to privacy and cannot be searched without a proper warrant. Unfortunately, many people don’t know about the exclusionary rule, which is what actually protects us from unlawful searches. With the growing problem of police misconduct, the exclusionary rule was put in place to curb this misconduct. This rule basically is what enforces the fourth amendment stating that if any evidence is obtained through an illegal search or seizure of a person or their property, it will be suppressed in court. In order for the exclusionary rule to be in effect, there are three main criteria that must be met. For starters, an officer of the law must have performed an illegal action. Next, evidence must be secured. Finally, the first two criteria must have at least a slight coincidence with each other. Even if all three of these are present, if they can’t all be proved, the exclusionary rule would be exempt. It is the defenses job to notice if this has happened and file a petition to suppress the evidence obtained. When this occurs, the prosecution must then prove them wrong. It’s kind of a â€Å"guilty until proven innocent† situation for the prosecution. There are three exceptions that the prosecution should look at when trying to prove their case. The Independent Source doctrine is the first exception. This doctrine says that if evidence is obtained illegally the first time, it can still be used in court if it is re-obtained in a legal matter. The second exception is Inevitable Discovery Doctrine. This doctrine says that if evidence is obtained illegally, but would have been hypothetically discovered anyways, it can still be used in court. In order for this exception, the prosecution must prove that the evidence would have been found within time without the use of the illegal action. The third and final exception to the exclusionary rule is known as Good Faith. This sta... Free Essays on The Exclusionary Rule Free Essays on The Exclusionary Rule Everyone knows about the concept that they have the right to privacy and cannot be searched without a proper warrant. Unfortunately, many people don’t know about the exclusionary rule, which is what actually protects us from unlawful searches. With the growing problem of police misconduct, the exclusionary rule was put in place to curb this misconduct. This rule basically is what enforces the fourth amendment stating that if any evidence is obtained through an illegal search or seizure of a person or their property, it will be suppressed in court. In order for the exclusionary rule to be in effect, there are three main criteria that must be met. For starters, an officer of the law must have performed an illegal action. Next, evidence must be secured. Finally, the first two criteria must have at least a slight coincidence with each other. Even if all three of these are present, if they can’t all be proved, the exclusionary rule would be exempt. It is the defenses job to notice if this has happened and file a petition to suppress the evidence obtained. When this occurs, the prosecution must then prove them wrong. It’s kind of a â€Å"guilty until proven innocent† situation for the prosecution. There are three exceptions that the prosecution should look at when trying to prove their case. The Independent Source doctrine is the first exception. This doctrine says that if evidence is obtained illegally the first time, it can still be used in court if it is re-obtained in a legal matter. The second exception is Inevitable Discovery Doctrine. This doctrine says that if evidence is obtained illegally, but would have been hypothetically discovered anyways, it can still be used in court. In order for this exception, the prosecution must prove that the evidence would have been found within time without the use of the illegal action. The third and final exception to the exclusionary rule is known as Good Faith. This sta...

What Are SAT Subject Tests Why Should You Take Them

What Are SAT Subject Tests Why Should You Take Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Between the SAT, teacher recommendations, and your personal essay, there are lots of ingredients that go into crafting your applications. The SAT Subject Tests add one more layer to the complex recipe of applying to college. This article is meant to clear up any confusion you have about the Subject Tests.By understanding exactly what these tests are testing, you'll be able to approach them with ease and confidence - because only the cake should end up in tiers. What Are SAT Subject Tests? While the general SAT is meant to assess your reasoning skills and readiness for college, the SAT Subject Tests test your knowledge in specific subject areas. They are content-based and allow you to choose the subject(s) in which you excel and best demonstrate subject mastery. All of the Subject Tests are multiple choice and are one hour long. The Subject Tests align with classes you are required or have elected to take in high school, like Biology, Literature, Math, and languages. Not only should your choice of Subject Test line up with your academic strengths, you also may want to choose a subject in which you're interested. As with all the other parts of your application, your Subject Tests give insight into who you are and what you like to study. Click here for a more in-depth look at what SAT Subject Tests you should take and the most important considerations in making this decision. [link to PS article] How Many SAT Subject Tests Are There? There are 21 SAT Subject Tests, if you count Biology Ecological and Biology Molecular as two separate tests. They cover literature, math, science, history, and 9 languages. Some options within these core subjects include the following: History could be World History or U.S. History. Science includes Physics, Chemistry, and Biology with an Ecological focus or Biology with a Molecular focus. Math has a Level 1 and Level 2 test. Language Subject Tests may or may not have a Listening component. Here's the complete list: English Literature Math Level 1 Math Level 2 U.S. History World History Biology Ecological Biology Molecular Physics Chemistry French French with Listening Spanish Spanish with Listening Italian Modern Hebrew Latin German German with Listening Chinese with Listening Korean with Listening Japanese with Listening Let's look at a brief overview of some of the differences in format: Biology E and Biology M share 60 core questions. Biology E has an additional 20 questions with an ecological emphasis. Biology M has 20 extra questions with a molecular focus. Math Level 1 requires at least two years of algebra and one year of geometry. Math Level 2 requires those same classes plus some trigonometry and pre-calculus. The French, Spanish, and German Subject Tests have both Listening and non-Listening options. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese have only Listening options, and the remaining have only non-Listening options. Now that you have a sense of the differences among the subject tests, let's move onto the next important question. Should you take them to apply to college? Why Take SAT Subject Tests? Are you wondering, "Should I take SAT Subject Tests?" To answer your question, you should take Subject Tests if your college requires or recommends them as part of your application. Make sure you know not only how many Subject Tests your college wants, but also if they have a requirement or suggestion for which subjects you should take. Technology-oriented colleges, for example, may prefer to see that you've taken math and science tests. MIT and CalTech actually require one math and one science Subject Test. MIT lets you take Math Level 1 or Level 2, while CalTech requires Level 2. Selective liberal arts colleges often want to see a range of knowledge across academic domains, such as a math test paired with a literature or history test. Some colleges may allow Subject Test scores to make up for a low general SAT score. Still others may use these tests for placement purposes, such as into a more advanced level of a language, once you arrive on campus. At Harvard, for example, 700 or better on a language test will waive its language requirement and allow you to choose among more advanced language courses. You may also be applying to a school that has adopted a test flexible policy, like Colby College, Colorado College, Middlebury, and NYU. The school may let you send SAT Subject Test scores in place of the general SAT or ACT, if you feel these tests better represent your strengths and abilities. Check out the full list of test optional and flexible schools here. Subject Tests can really strengthen your application, as they allow you to feature a particular strength, knowledge of a subject, and academic interest. If you speak another language, the language tests are a great way to showcase your skills. As colleges are increasingly seeking to establish a multicultural class of students with global competencies, they will consider your ability to communicate in another language to be a strong and desirable asset to your candidacy. How Do You Know If Subject Tests Are Required? We've gathered a list of all the colleges that require SAT Subject Tests. A small group of colleges, like Amherst, Brown, Duke, and Vassar, among others, will waive the SAT Subject Test requirement if you opt for the ACT. Since policies are continually changing, especially as schools become more and more flexible, make sure to double check your colleges' standardized testing requirements by researching their admissions website or speaking to an admissions officer directly. Finally, you may elect to take the Subject Tests even if they're not required, if you want to demonstrate a particular strength to the admissions committee. This may especially be the case if the Subject Test connects to your future academic and/or professional goals. If you're excited to study Engineering, for example, you may be eager to showcase your math and science skills. The list of colleges mentioned above indicates if a college does not require, but will consider SAT Subject Tests are part of your application. Ithaca, Smith, Wesleyan, to name a few, consider, but don't require, the SAT Subject Tests. When Are the Subject Tests Offered? The Subject Tests are offered on all the same dates as the general SAT except for March - in January, May, June, October, November, and December. The science, math, literature, and math Subject Tests are offered on all these dates. The language tests are offered on some, but not all, of the dates. Some have more options, but Listening tests - German, French, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean - are only offered in November. Check out this chart of the exact dates of all the Subject Tests. It will also help you figure out your best schedule for taking the Subject Tests in and around the general SAT or ACT and all your other activities and obligations. You can take up to 3 Subject Tests in one day (with some conditions), so you can take them all together or choose to spread them out over different dates. The best time to take a Subject Test is often near the end of the school year in which you've been studying that subject and may also be studying for a final or AP exam. You don't have to wait until junior year, but instead should take the Subject Tests whenever you are ready and the content is fresh in your mind. Hopefully this overview of the what, how, why, and when of SAT Subject Tests makes it easier for you to add this extra component into the college application mix. By following the links provided, you'll become an expert in everything you need to know to conquer the SAT Subject Tests. What's Next? Perhaps you've studied lots of the subjects covered by the Subject Tests and aren't sure how to choose. This article helps you answer that important question: which SAT Subject Test should you take? Are you also taking the general SAT and ACT? In order to prepare, first you need to know when you have time to study. This article helps you figure out your study plan and when you should start preparing. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Management Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Practices - Essay Example At Grandma’s Treats, there is a need to have a business model based on the concept of e-marketing and e-commerce. The owner of Grandma’s Treats could attract more customers and operate his business more effectively if he creates a website, advertises, and sells his "treats" on the World Wide Web. Interesting terms like e-tail or e-tailer are used to define online retailers these days. Almost every bid retailer has a presence on the internet and even the websites comparing prices of same product that available online from different vendors are present for the ease and comfort of the consumer. There are two forms of electronic commerce, one that is conducted between different businesses referred to as business-to-business or B2B and the other that is conducted between business and a consumer also called Business-to-consumer or B2C. In a B2B, there can be predefined business parties or arbitrary parties involved over the internet whereas B2C is primarily practiced with arb itrary consumers over the internet with the help of platforms like Facebook, E-bay, Amazon etc. Internet marketing as of 2007 is growing faster than other types of media because exposure, response, and overall efficiency of Internet media are easier to track than traditional off-line media—through the use of web analytics for instance—Internet marketing can offer a greater sense of accountability for advertisers. The whole of Media Campaign could be covered. The nature of the internet means businesses now have a truly global reach. While traditional media costs limit this kind of reach to huge multinationals, e-Marketing opens up new avenues for smaller businesses, on a much smaller budget, to access potential consumers from all over the world. Internet marketing allows the marketer to reach consumers in a wide range of ways and enables them to offer a wide range of products and